Modern computer models and theoretical computations are assisting astronomers in their quest to comprehend the source of gamma-ray bursts, or GRBs, which are among the universe’s most intense and enigmatic light displays. The newly developed unified model verifies that some long-lived GRBs are produced following cosmic mergers that give rise to a young black hole encircled by a massive disk of natal material.
Until now, astronomers thought that black holes that produce long GRBs usually formed when massive stars collapsed. But new models suggest that they can also form when two dense objects merge, such as a pair of neutron stars (the dense, dead remains of a massive star) or a black hole and a neutron star. is shown.
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This result explains recently observed long GRBs that astronomers have been unable to link to collapsing stars. The authors of the simulation have published their results in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. “Our findings linking observations to the underlying physics bring together many unsolved mysteries in the field of gamma-ray bursts,” said lead author of the new study and a researcher at the Flatiron Institute’s Center for Computational Astrophysics.
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Ole Gottlieb says: (CCA) New York City. “For the first time, we can look at GRB observations and learn what happened before a black hole formed.” GRBs are among the brightest and most violent events in the universe. Since they were first discovered in 1967, GRBs have surprised and perplexed astronomers. Decades later, the exact mechanism that generates powerful gamma-ray bursts remains unclear.
For many years, astronomers have observed his two distinct populations of GRBs. One population lasts for less than 1 second, and the other lasts for more than 10 seconds.
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It was ultimately discovered that long GRBs can happen when jets are launched during the collapse of massive rotating stars, while short GRBs originate from jets launched after the merger of two compact objects. However over the last year, two exceptionally long GRB observations revealed that long GRBs were not exclusively caused by collapsing behemoths.
Modern simulations were used by Gottlieb and colleagues to investigate the possibility that GRBs could be sparked by mergers of massive compact objects. The new simulations ran on one of the supercomputers at the Flatiron Institute for several months. The updated simulations begin with the two compact objects in near orbit and track the jets out of sight of the merger site. With this method, the researchers can assume less about the physics at play.
The scientists created a single, cohesive model for the origins of GRBs by fusing constraints from astronomical data with the simulations.
The peculiar GRBs are produced following the merger of two compact objects, the researchers concluded. The objects combine to form a black hole that can emit long GRBs. Around the black hole is a massive accretion disk, or a rapidly rotating doughnut of leftover material that is magnetically charged. Astronomers can better understand the objects producing these GRBs and their predecessors thanks to the information gathered from the simulation.
We now know that a long GRB, similar to those seen in 2022, originates from a black hole with a massive disk. Gottlieb stated. “And since their mass ratio is connected to the characteristics of the disk, we can now determine the ratio of the masses of the two parental objects knowing there is a massive disk.” For instance, a long-duration GRB will unavoidably result from the merger of unequal-mass neutron stars.”
Identifying which objects produce short GRBs is the goal of the scientists’ unified model. A hypermassive neutron star, an unstable form of star that rapidly collapses to form a black hole but not before pulsing out short GRBs, may be the source of those bursts, according to the model. Alternatively, black holes with smaller accretion disks may be the cause of this phenomenon.
The goal of the scientists’ simulation is to identify all GRB origins, and they hope to do this by accruing more GRB observations. Astronomers hope to record many more GRB sightings when the Vera C. Rubin Observatory begins operations in early 2025, even though they are still exceedingly rare.
