Gas that had previously been heated near a supermassive black hole has been shown by three Dutch astronomers to have flowed to the galaxy’s periphery, cooled, and then returned towards the black hole. Although this theory has been supported by indirect evidence, this is the first time that the cooled gas approaching the black hole has been directly observed.
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When the scientists examined archived data from the ALMA observatory using new methods, they came to their discovery. In Nature Astronomy, they publish their research results.
Massive energy emissions are well known to originate from supermassive black holes located at the center of galaxies. The surrounding gas heats up as a result and starts to move away from the center. This, in turn, theoretically allows cool gas to return and lessens the black hole’s activity.
In fact, three researchers from JIVE, the University of Groningen, and ASTRON have now demonstrated the return of cool gas. Though other cold gases are probably going to flow back, in this instance it was cold carbon monoxide gas.
The famous galaxy 3C 84, also known as NGC 1275 or Perseus A, provided data that the astronomers used from the ALMA observatory. Situated in the northern constellation of Perseus, that galaxy is 235 million light-years away. It’s the classic illustration of what astronomers refer to as “AGN feedback,” or the gas rotating around a black hole. For several decades, it has been established that the supermassive black hole’s plasma jets cause disruption to the hot gas surrounding 3C 84, while colder gas filaments drift within and surrounding the system.
The idea that those filaments return to the black hole has long been held, but it has never been demonstrated.
“Another group of scientists had already looked at the data we used,” says lead researcher Tom Oosterloo (ASTRON and University of Groningen). “They failed to silence the commotion. Sure, we could. By applying a novel calibration method, we were able to obtain three times sharper images in the vicinity of the black hole. And that’s when we noticed the cool carbon monoxide gas returning.”
Other than carbon monoxide, the researchers hope to map the flow of other gas molecules in the future.
Science published a study by Takuma Izumi and colleagues on November 3, 2023, which has nothing to do with the research conducted by Oosterloo and colleagues.
Izumi studied the behavior of gas in the gas disk around a black hole after it enters it. Gas traveling from a distance toward such a gas disk is tracked by Oosterloo and colleagues. Oosterloo and his associates investigate the larger-scale events surrounding black holes and the relationship between them and the galaxy’s evolution. Mainly, Izumi’s group studies the process of black hole feeding.
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